今年9月15日,著名的保守派电台节目主持人Rush Limbaugh,在节目中关于男女性生活中需要征得同意(Consent for sexual relationship)一事,说了如下的话:
"Consent must be freely given, and can be withdrawn anytime, and the absence of ‘no’ does not mean 'yes'. How many of you guys, in your own experience with women, have learned that 'no' means 'yes' if you know how to spot it? Let me tell you something. In this modern world, that is simply not tolerated. People aren't even gonna try to understand that one. I mean, it used to be said it was a cliché. It used to be part of the advice young boys were given. See, that's what we gotta change. We have got to reprogram the way we raise men. Why do you think permission every step of the way, clearly spelling out 'why'... are all of these not lawsuits just waiting to happen if even one of these steps is not taken?"
Rush很明显是反对“女人说不要实际上说要”这个观点的。并且希望家长采取措施改进错误的教育方式。所以Rush在这点上应该是和主流的道德观较为一致的。
民主党的负责国会竞选的组织Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee(DCCC)通过群发电邮和互联网页发布了这段话:
We knew we had to take action after Limbaugh’s reprehensible rant excusing rape on college campuses. In case you missed it, Limbaugh said ‘no’ means ‘yes’ if you know how to spot it.
“‘no’ means ‘yes’ if you know how to spot it” 这句话是RUSH说的么?是。但被掐头去尾,已经变成了RUSH的原意的反面。
举个简化的例子,如果我说
11/24/2014在Furguson大陪审团公布不起诉Wilson警官后发生了暴乱。我不能认同有些鼓吹暴力的说法:打砸抢是合理的。
而DCCC把我的话剪辑成后发表为
TF是个流氓ID。听听TF的原话吧:“打砸抢是合理的”。
这种通过剪裁制造出和我的原意的完全相反,扭曲的意思的做法,不是一个文明社会所应该接受的。
虽然在公众人物作为原告的诽谤案中,证明了事实的扭曲仅仅是第一步。还需证明恶意(malice)。但是在RUSH案中,RUSH是保守派的先锋人物,而DCCC是民主党的领军组织。双方在政治上处于对立面。相信恶意的证明还是比较明显的。
RUSH的律师给DCCC的律师公函要求收回,道歉等。并提出了为什么剪辑违背原意是不正确的先例判决:在第九中级法院的PRICE v. STOSSEL。
ABC电视台剪裁牧师Frederick Price的录像
牧师Frederick Price博士是个从1973年就开始使用电视传教的牧师。此人很富,在07年的时候房子$4.6million,教堂的私人飞机,戴价值$8500的手 表,是教堂的CEO。教堂的资产应该在$40million左右。
在一次传教中,他虚构了一个物质很富裕但是精神信仰很空乏的人物。这个虚拟人物说了这段话
I live in a 25-room mansion. I have my own $6 million yacht. I have my own private jet, and I have my own helicopter, and I have seven luxury automobiles.
在美国的老中应该对ABC电视台不会太陌生。这就是前一阵子节目中说杀光中国人就可以不用还债那个电视台。
ABC台在2007年的一个电视报道剪辑了PRICE的话。不提虚拟人物说了这番话而用这段剪辑的半句话试图证明PRICE本人 是个炫富的。九院援引高法Masson v. New Yorker
Magazine, Inc. (1991).的判决指出,司法在对引言的诽谤的判断中,那是要把引言和原话(包括上下文)进行字与字的(“compare the quotation as published with the words the speaker actually said”)比较的。即便对于公众人物(public figure)。高法的多数意见说,a direct quotation will qualify as such a distortion if the quoted words differ in their factual meaning from anything the public figure really said.
这个案子最后达成谅解。被告ABC电视台发表公开道歉。道歉中用词很正式,显得诚恳。
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剪辑需要尊重原作。无良无脑的媒体在扭曲事实方面是惯犯。媒体人员往往有意无意间,或许为了增加收视率,或许为了搏名,对原作进行了廉价的剪辑。事实上造成了很多不可挽回的社会损 失。举两个例子:众所周知的1992年的洛杉矶暴动,和Zimmerman案中NBC电视台篡改911录音。
KTLA电视台剪裁和1992年的洛杉矶暴动
洛杉矶暴动的导火线为1992年陪审团宣判释放四名警察(3名白人和1名拉丁裔),指控的罪名是使用过当武力殴打交通违规的黑人 罗德尼·金。实际上是罗德尼.金拒捕在先,警察才出手打人。大部分民众甚至市长看到的录像只是媒体剪辑的打人部 分,并没看到罗德尼拘捕袭警拒捕的部分。而陪审团看到的是全部。且市长与警察局长私怨较深,故市长为罗德尼.金说话。种种因素导致上千名在洛杉 矶的非洲裔和拉丁裔参与了这场暴动,其中牵连许多违法行为,包括大面积的抢劫和纵火。这场暴乱能够衡量的经济损失多达$1Billion。更不要说有些不可 测量的社会损失,比如死50,伤2000,12000被逮捕,黑白民族之间增加的隔阂和不信任。
NBC电视台篡改Zimmerman的911录音
美国民权运动家和自由派媒体在Zimmerman案中极尽操控之能事。在媒体和游行示威中广泛散发Trayvon12岁乃至不足10岁时的照片,企图误导受众以为将Zimmerman打得头破血流的Trayvon还是个娃娃,其实Trayvon身高已经超过一米八,比Zimmerman高大不少。美国三大广播公司之一全国广播公司(NBC)为了给Zimmerman扣上“种族主义者”的大帽子,竟然使出了剪辑电话录音的下作手段。
真实录音:
Zimmerman: This guy looks like he's up to no good or he's on drugs or something. It's raining and he's walking around, looking about.
911 Operator: And this guy, is he white, black or hispanic?
Zimmerman: He looks black.
911 Operator: Did you see what he was wearing?
Zimmerman: Yeah, a dard hoodie and either jeans or sweat pants and white tennis shoes. He is here now and he is just staring and looking at all the houses.
被NBC电视台篡改后的录音:
Zimmerman: This guy looks like he's up to no good. He looks black.
911 Operator: Did you see what he was wearing?
Zimmerman: Yeah, a dard hoodie.
区别在于,被篡改后,给人造成和事实完全相反的错误的印象,Zimmerman是个种族歧视主义者,因为Trayvon是黑人,而觉得他不是好人。同时也删除了Trayvon看起来像吸了毒的 重要信息。
Zimmerman诉NBC在一个州的地方法庭(http://www.flcourts18.org/),败诉。Circuit Judge Debra S. Nelson 写道:"there exists absolutely no clear and convincing evidence that defendants knew that the information published was false at the time it was published, or recklessly disregarded the truth or falsity of those statements." Nelson's decision effectively closes the case, barring another appeal. 判决书: http://www.clickorlando.com/blob/view/-/26723560/data/1/-/12o6jmo/-/Zimmerman-ruling.pdf